Lotteries na jihar suna wakiltar babban, kuma sau da yawa mai rikitarwa, ginshiƙi na kuɗin jihar a duk faɗin Amurka. Da yake samar da sama da dala biliyan 100 a cikin tallace-tallace na tikiti na shekara-shekara daga 2024, ana tallata waɗannan wasannin da gwamnati ke gudanarwa a matsayin hanyar son rai ga 'yan ƙasa don ba da gudummawa ga jama'a. Ka'idar mai sauƙi ce: saya tikiti, sami damar lashe kyautar da ke canza rayuwa, kuma ku san cewa wani ɓangare na siyan ku zai tallafa wa makarantu, hanyoyi, ko wasu mahimman shirye-shiryen jihar. A cewar NFL:0National Conference of State Legislatures: 1, jihohi 45 da gundumar Columbia yanzu suna gudanar da caca, suna saka su cikin zurfin tsarin kasafin kuɗi na jihar. Duk da haka, gaskiyar yadda ake samar da wannan kuɗin kuma rarraba shi ya fi kuɗin tallace-tallace rikitarwa. Duk da yake masu ba da shawarar caca suna bikin biliyoyin karatu da aka ƙaddamar don kimanta mahimman ayyukan ilimi kamar ayyukan ilimin ilimin ilimin ilimin lissafi na jihar da kuma fahimtar yadda tasirin tasirin harajin caca na jihar ya shafi

Tarihin Tushen Yin caca a Amirka

Lotocin jihohi ba wani abu ne na zamani ba. Tushen su a tarihin Amurka ya fara ne a zamanin mulkin mallaka, inda aka yi amfani da su azaman babbar hanyar tallafawa ayyukan jama'a. Lotocin farko sun ba da kuɗin gina hanyoyi, gadoji, har ma da wasu daga cikin manyan jami'o'in ƙasar, gami da Harvard, Yale, da Princeton. A zahiri, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi amfani da irin wannan caca a shekara ta 1776 don tara kuɗi don Yaƙin Juyin Halin. Bayan wani lokacin da aka hana a ƙarshen karni na 19 da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar lalata da kuma adawa da ɗabi'a.

Tsarin caca na zamani ya sake bayyanawa a cikin shekarun 1960 yayin da jihohi ke fuskantar matsin lamba na kasafin kuɗi ba tare da son siyasa ba don ɗaga haraji. New Hampshire ta ƙaddamar da caca ta farko ta zamani a cikin 1964, tana tsara shi azaman "bashi na son rai" wanda zai hana samun kuɗi zuwa ayyukan caca na doka. New York ya bi a cikin 1967, kuma New Jersey a cikin 1970.

Yadda ake rarraba kudaden caca: Ƙididdiga da Kudaden Ƙasa

A cikin tsarin farko, kundin tsarin mulki na jihar ko dokoki a fili suna jagorantar kudaden shiga zuwa ga wasu shirye-shirye, galibi ilimi. A cikin tsarin na biyu, kudaden shiga suna gudana zuwa babban asusun jihar, kuma majalisa ta yanke shawarar yadda za a kashe kuɗin, wanda zai iya ko bazai dace da tsammanin masu jefa kuri'a ba. fahimtar wannan bambanci yana da mahimmanci don kimanta ainihin tasirin kuɗin caca akan ayyukan gwamnati.

Kudaden Ilimi: Bincike Mai Kyau

An ba da babban ɓangare na kudaden shiga na caca a jihohi da yawa don ayyukan ilimi. Wannan kudaden yana iya tallafawa shirye-shirye da yawa, ciki har da:

  • Makarantun K-12 na gwamnati (kayan aiki, albashin malamai)
  • Cibiyoyin ilimi na sama da tsarin jami'o'i
  • Shirye-shiryen tallafin da aka kafa bisa cancantar da kuma bukatar
  • Shirye-shiryen ilimi na yara da kuma makarantar sakandare
  • Ayyukan ilimi na musamman da kuma inganta fasahar
  • Gina makarantu da kuma kula da wuraren

Duk da haka, tasirin tasirin ya kasance mai lalacewa ta hanyar manufar "sake iyawa". Lokacin da kudaden caca suka gudana zuwa ilimi, jihohi na iya rage yawan kudaden da za su ba da ga makarantu, suna sakin waɗannan kuɗin don wasu dalilai kamar rage haraji ko kayan aiki. Binciken Cibiyar Manufofin Haraji na FLT ya nuna cewa ga kowane dala na kudaden shiga na caca da aka sanya don ilimi, kuɗin jihar daga wasu kafofin ya ragu da kusan 30 zuwa 50 cents, dangane da jihar. Wannan yana nufin cewa yayin da kuɗin caca ke ba da ƙarin albarkatu a cikin lokuta da yawa, matakin ƙarin gaskiya ya bambanta sosai, kuma a wasu lokuta, "sabon" kuɗi yafi yawa a cikin zato.

Tallafin Ƙarin Ayyukan Jama'a

Baya ga ilimi, kudaden shiga daga caca suna taimakawa wasu ayyuka na gwamnati, ciki har da:

  • Ayyukan gine-gine (hanya, gadaje, hanyoyin sufuri na jama'a)
  • Tallafin tsaro na jama'a (yan sanda, ma'aikatan kashe gobara, ayyukan gaggawa na likita)
  • Shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da kiwon lafiya (kiwon miyagun ƙwayoyi, ayyukan kiwon lafiya na hankali)
  • Ayyukan ci gaban al'umma (jigin-jigin, dakunan karatu, cibiyoyin tsofaffi)
  • Shirye-shiryen kiyaye muhalli
  • Tsarin ritaya ga ma'aikatan gwamnati

Wadannan gudummawar suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta ingancin rayuwa ga mazauna. Misali, caca ta Colorado tana tallafawa Asusun Kula da Tsaro, wanda ke tallafawa wuraren shakatawa, hanyoyi, da wuraren zama na namun daji. A New York, kudaden da aka samu daga caca suna taimakawa wajen tallafawa tsarin ilimi na jihar kuma suna tallafawa wani ɓangare na nauyin fansho na jihar ga ma'aikatan gwamnati. Bambancin hanyoyin samun kuɗi yana nuna yawan dogaro da kudaden shiga daga caca don ayyukan gwamnati na asali, yana mai da inganci da ɗabi'ar wannan tsarin tallafi batun babban sha'awa ga jama'a.

Tattalin Arziki na Kudaden shiga na Lottery: Inda Kudi Ya Tafi

Don fahimtar ainihin tasirin caca akan ayyukan gwamnati, yana da mahimmanci a bincika yadda ake rarraba kowane dala daga siyar da tikiti. A matsakaici, a duk caca na Amurka, kimanin kashi 50-60% na kudaden shiga ana dawo da su ga 'yan wasa a matsayin kyaututtuka. Kimanin kashi 5-10% yana rufe farashin gudanarwa, gami da kwamitocin kiri, tallan, da fasaha. Sauran kashi 30-40% shine kudaden shiga da aka canja zuwa shirye-shiryen jihar. Wannan yana nufin cewa ga kowane dala da aka kashe, kusan cents 35 ne kawai ke zuwa ilimi ko wasu ayyukan gwamnati - adadi wanda galibi ya fi ƙasa da yadda jama'a ke ɗauka.

Lokacin da Powerball ko Mega Millions jackpots tashi sama da $ 500 miliyan, tallace-tallace na tikiti ya tashi sosai, amma yiwuwar cin nasara ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa (kimanin 1 a cikin miliyan 292 don Powerball). Waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na yau da kullun suna haifar da sake zagayowar haɓakawa da raguwa a cikin kudaden shiga na caca. Jihohi ba za su iya ba da kuɗi mai dogara akan kudaden shiga na caca ba, wanda ke sa shi mummunan tushe don alkawuran ci gaba kamar albashi na malamai ko kuɗin malanta.

Tattaunawa ta Musamman: Amfanin da Matsaloli na Gudanar da Loto

Tasirin caca na jihar akan ilimi da sabis na jama'a shine batun muhawara na ƙasa. Masu ba da shawara sun yi jayayya cewa caca suna ba da kuɗin da ake buƙata ba tare da ƙara haraji ba, yayin da masu sukar suka nuna yanayin koma baya na harajin da ba a sani ba da kuma kuɗin zamantakewar caca.

Amfanin Gudanar da Loto

Akwai wasu amfanin da ke cikin amfani da kudaden shiga daga caca don tallafawa ayyukan gwamnati:

  • Ƙara kuɗi ba tare da ƙara haraji ba: Lotteries suna samar da biliyoyin don shirye-shiryen da za su iya fuskantar matsanancin raguwa.
  • Inganta ayyukan jama'a: Kudade suna tallafawa shahararrun manufofi kamar Georgia HOPE Scholarship, wanda ya taimaka wa ɗalibai sama da miliyan 2 halartar kwaleji.
  • Ayyukan caca suna haifar da ayyuka a cikin kiri, tallace-tallace, da fasaha, kuma masu cin nasara galibi suna kashe nasarar su a gida.
  • ]Tallafin jama'a: ] Yawancin mazauna suna ganin caca a matsayin nishaɗi, hanyar son rai don tallafawa al'ummomin su.

Ƙin Gwaji da Kuma Damuwa

Duk da waɗannan amfanin, akwai manyan zargi da ke tattare da caca ta jihar:

  • Bayanai daga Cibiyar Urban na FLT: 3 sun nuna cewa mafi talauci kashi uku na iyalai suna kashe kimanin $ 500 a shekara akan tikitin caca, idan aka kwatanta da $ 150 ga mafi arziki na uku, wanda ke haifar da haraji mai koma baya. Wannan rashin daidaituwa ya fi karfi idan aka auna shi azaman rabo daga samun kudin shiga: 20% na masu samun kuɗi sun kashe kusan 1.5% na kudaden shiga akan tikitin caca, yayin da 20% na sama suka kashe ƙasa da 0.2%.
  • Matsalar caca da jaraba: An kiyasta kashi 2-3% na manya suna gwagwarmaya da caca mai matsala, kuma wasannin caca sune hanyar shiga.
  • Rashin kwanciyar hankali na kasafin kuɗi: Kudaden shiga na caca suna da matukar karuwa, suna canzawa tare da girman jackpot da yanayin tattalin arziki. A cikin 2020, a lokacin da annobar ta fi girma, yawancin caca na jihohi sun ga raguwar tallace-tallace. Wannan ya sa su zama tushen tushen da ba a dogara ba don tallafawa mahimman ayyuka masu gudana kamar albashi na malamai ko biyan kuɗi na malanta waɗanda dole ne a yi kowace shekara ba tare da la'akari da girman jackpot ba.
  • Fungibility da maye gurbin: Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, dalar caca galibi tana sauya maimakon haɓaka kuɗin da ake da shi, yana rage tasirin tasirin tabbatacce akan shirye-shiryen da aka yi niyya.
  • Tunanin kasuwanci na ɗabi'a: Masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa tallan caca yana niyya ga ƙananan al'ummomin da ke da ƙananan kuɗi, yana tallata samfurin da ke ba da rashin nasara yayin da yake karɓar kuɗi daga waɗanda ba su da kuɗi.

Binciken samfurori na musamman na jihar

Binciken yadda jihohi daban-daban ke kula da kudaden caca yana ba da kyakkyawar fahimta game da nasarorin da gazawar waɗannan shirye-shiryen.

California: Wani Shari'ar Ƙara Ƙari da Maimakon

An kafa shirin caca na California a shekarar 1984, tare da wani ɓangare na kudaden shiga da aka sanya wa ilimi na jama'a. Duk da samar da kimanin dala biliyan 2 a shekara don makarantu, kudaden caca suna ɗaukar kashi 1-2% na jimlar kuɗin ilimi na K-12 na jihar. Wannan ya sa wasu masu sukar su yi jayayya cewa caca ba ta cika alkawarinta na canza kuɗin makaranta ba. Maimakon haka, ta samar da ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙari ga babban kuɗin ilimi, sau da yawa yana ba jihar damar sake tura kuɗin kuɗin kuɗi zuwa wasu wurare.

Florida: Yin Ƙididdiga a Kan Kyautar karatu da Kudaden Gudanar da Ayyuka

An kafa caca ta Florida a 1988, ta ba da kuɗin shahararren Shirin Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta na Kyauta, wanda ke ba da tallafin kuɗi ga daliban kwaleji. Har ila yau, yana tallafawa daukar malamai da haɓaka fasahar aji. Duk da haka, an soki shirin Kyauta na Kyauta don amfani da ɗalibai daga iyalai masu samun kuɗi, waɗanda suka fi dacewa su cika ƙa'idodin ilimi. A shekara ta 2023, kusan 60% na masu karɓar Kyautar Kyauta sun fito ne daga iyalai da suka sami kuɗi sama da $ 100,000. Bugu da ƙari, Lantarki na Florida yana fuskantar dubawa game da dabarun tallan sa, wanda bincike ya nuna cewa yana da niyyar manyan maƙwabta masu ƙarancin kuɗi.

Georgia: Wani Misali na Ƙasa da ke Ci Gaba da Ciwo

An kafa caca ta Georgia a shekarar 1992, ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin misali na zinariya don ilimin da aka ba da kuɗin lotiri. Kudaden shiga na net an sadaukar da su ne ga tsarin mulki ga HOPE Scholarship da kuma shirin Pre-K na jihar. An tara sama da dala biliyan 12 tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, yana taimaka wa ɗalibai sama da miliyan 2 halarci kwaleji kuma yana ba da sabis sama da 100,000 shekaru huɗu a kowace shekara a cikin shirin Pre-K. Duk da haka, har ma Georgia ta fuskanci ƙalubale. Faduwar kudaden shiga na lotiri da hauhawar farashin karatun sun tilasta jihar ta rage darajar kyautar HOPE daga rufe 100% na karatun zuwa kusan 65% don sabbin ƙungiyoyi. Wannan yana nuna haɗarin dogara da tushen kuɗi mai saurin canzawa don alƙawarin dogon lokaci.

Texas da New York: Babban Asusun Amincewa

A Texas, ribar caca tana gudana zuwa Asusun Makarantun Foundation na jihar. Duk da cewa wannan yana tallafawa ilimi, masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa jihar ta yi amfani da kuɗin don maye gurbin kashe kuɗi na yanzu maimakon samar da haɓaka. Texas kuma ta juyar da wani ɓangare na kudaden shiga na caca zuwa ga rage harajin ƙasa, wanda ke amfanar da masu gidaje amma ba ya yin yawa ga talakawa. New York ta ba da kuɗin caca ga ilimi amma kuma ta ba da wani ɓangare don rufe nauyin fansho na jihar, yana nuna yadda za a iya shimfida kuɗin caca a cikin buƙatun kasafin kuɗi daban-daban fiye da ainihin manufar da aka bayyana. A cikin 2024, caca ta New York ta ba da gudummawar sama da dala biliyan 3.5 ga ilimi, amma an yi amfani da yawancin wannan don biyan rashi na kasafin kuɗi maimakon samar da ƙarin kuɗi.

Pennsylvania: Tallafawa Daga Harajin Gida

An kafa caca ta Pennsylvania a 1971, a farko tana tallafawa shirye-shirye ga tsofaffi: harajin dukiya da ragi, taimakon magani, da sabis na sufuri. Wannan samfurin ya zama sananne saboda yana amfani da mazaunin da aka tsara sosai. Duk da haka, tsufa da tsadar tsada sun sanya ƙarfin caca ya ci gaba da biyan buƙata, wanda ya tilasta jihar ta yi la'akari da ƙarin kuɗi daga wasu tushe.

Yadda Za a Yi Aiki: Sabuntawa, Dokar, da Kuma Kalubalen Da Suka shafi Al'adu

Yayin da jihohi ke ci gaba da dogaro da kudaden shiga na caca, nan gaba zai iya haɗawa da tattaunawa mai gudana game da haɓaka fa'idodi yayin rage lalacewar zamantakewa.

  • Fadada iLottery da tallace-tallace ta kan layi: [1] Jihohi da yawa sun ba da izinin sayar da tikiti ta kan layi don isa ga matasa masu amfani da haɓaka kuɗaɗen shiga. Wannan ya faɗaɗa damar yin caca sosai, yana haifar da damuwa game da jaraba. A cikin 2024, jihohi kamar Michigan da Pennsylvania sun ga ci gaban lambobi biyu a cikin kudaden shiga na iLottery.
  • Ƙara gasar daga wasu tushen caca:Flot: 1 ] Wasanni, gidajen caca, da wasanni na yau da kullun suna ɓoye kuɗi daga wasannin caca na gargajiya, suna tilasta wa caca yin kirkire-kirkire tare da sababbin kayayyaki da dabarun talla. Wasu caca sun gabatar da wasannin keno da zane-zane masu yawa don kiyaye sha'awar 'yan wasa.
  • Bukatar mafi girman gaskiya: [1] Kungiyoyin masu ba da shawara suna turawa don bayyana bayyanannu game da yawan kuɗin shiga da gaske ke zuwa ga shirye-shiryen da aka bayyana, da farashin aiki da kyaututtuka. Wasu jihohi yanzu suna buƙatar hukumomin caca su buga rahotanni na shekara-shekara waɗanda ke nuna ainihin rarraba kuɗi.
  • Matakan caca masu nauyi: [1] Jihohi suna saka hannun jari a cikin jerin abubuwan cirewa, iyakokin kashe kuɗi, da kuma kudade don sabis na maganin jaraba don magance ƙarancin halayyar caca da gwamnati ke tallafawa.
  • Binciken madadin hanyoyin samun kuɗi: Wasu masu tsara manufofi suna tambayar ko caca ta kasance ingantacciyar hanyar samun kuɗi na dogon lokaci, musamman ma yayin da ƙaramin ƙarni ya nuna ƙarancin sha'awa ga wasannin caca na gargajiya. An tattauna shawarwari don maye gurbin kuɗin caca da karuwar haraji a jihohi da yawa, kodayake suna fuskantar tsayayyar siyasa mai mahimmanci.

Yin maganin waɗannan batutuwan zai kasance da mahimmanci don kula da mutunci da amincewar jama'a da caca ta jihar ta dogara da ita. Masu tsara manufofi dole ne su daidaita rashin bukatar samun kudaden shiga tare da alhakin ɗabi'a da suke da shi ga 'yan ƙasa mafi rauni.

Ƙarshe: Yin Ƙididdiga a kan Kasafin Kuɗi, Ba Matsaloli ba

Lotocin jihohi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa ilimi da ayyukan gwamnati a duk faɗin Amurka. Suna samar da biliyoyin daloli don malanta, makarantu, kayayyakin more rayuwa, da shirye-shiryen al'umma masu mahimmanci. Duk da haka, an gina tsarin a kan tushen zurfin adawa da tattalin arziki. Halin koma baya na kudaden shiga na caca, rashin kwanciyar hankali na kudaden shiga, da yiwuwar shan wahala suna buƙatar kulawa da yawa fiye da yadda suke karɓa. Yayin da jihohi ke tafiya zuwa makomar kudaden gwamnati, dole ne su wuce labarin mai sauƙi na caca a matsayin "bashi da cutarwa". Tabbatar da cewa kudaden shiga na caca da gaske, maimakon maye gurbin, abubuwan da aka ba da su, kuma cewa ana lissafin kuɗin zamantakewa a sarari, yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye amincewar jama'a ga ɗayan shahararrun hanyoyin samun kuɗi na Amurka da kuma rikice-rikice.