Table of Contents

Tafiya Ta Lokaci: Yadda Lotteries Suka Yi Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙ

A cikin ƙarni da yawa, alkawarin juya ƙaramin hannun jari zuwa dukiya mai canza rayuwa ya shawo kan tunanin ɗan adam. Lotteries, a cikin siffofin su da yawa, suna wakiltar ɗayan tsoffin al'adun caca da suka fi dorewa. Daga tsoffin takardun keno na kasar Sin da aka yi amfani da su don tallafawa Babban bango zuwa jackpots na Powerball na yanzu, caca ta ci gaba sosai yayin da ta riƙe mahimmancin ta: fare mai arha don damar samun arziki. Wannan labarin ya gano tarihin caca mai ban sha'awa, yana bincika canje-canjen zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da fasaha a cikin dubunnan shekaru.

Tuni: Loto a matsayin Abubuwan da Za a Yi amfani da Su a Zamanin 'Yan Adam

An fara samun tabbaci na farko game da irin caca fiye da shekaru 4,000 da suka shige.

Sin: Ana Ba da Kuɗi don Babban Ganuwar

Abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Han na kasar Sin (205187 BC) sun hada da takardun keno da ake zaton an yi amfani da su don tallafawa manyan ayyukan jihar, gami da wasu sassan Babban bango. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin tikiti na farko da aka rubuta. Kalmar keno kanta ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Sinanci mai ma'ana farin tikiti kurciya, tana nufin tsuntsayen da ake amfani da su don isar da lambobin nasara zuwa ƙauyuka masu nisa.

Roma: Bikin Cin Abinci da Kyauta Daga Sarki

A tsohuwar Roma, Sarkin sarakuna Augustus Caesar ya kafa irin wannan irin caca ta jama'a don tara kuɗi don gyara birni bayan gobara. Duk da haka, mafi yawan nau'ikan su ya kasance a lokacin liyafa mai ban sha'awa. Masu masaukin suna rarraba katako ko takarda tare da alamomi, kuma a ƙarshen abincin, ana ba da abubuwan da aka ƙayyade sau da yawa kayan ban mamaki ko bayi ga waɗanda ke riƙe da alamomin da suka dace. Waɗannan caca na sirri sun kasance na zamantakewa ne kawai, nau'in nishaɗi wanda ya ƙarfafa matsayi da karimci.

Masar da Gabas ta Tsakiya: Annabci da Sa'a

Tsoffin Masarawa da Mesopotamiyawa na farko sun yi amfani da hanyoyin irin na irin caca don hangowa da rarraba ƙasa. Allunan yumɓu daga zamanin Assuriya sun bayyana irin caca mai tsarki wanda aka yi amfani da shi don ƙayyade ayyukan firistoci. Duk da cewa ba irin caca na kasuwanci ba ne kamar yadda muka san su, waɗannan ayyukan sun daidaita ra'ayin zaɓi na bazuwar a matsayin hanya mai adalci da rashin son kai.

Zamanin Tsakiya da Renaissance: Haihuwar Loto da Gwamnati Take Gudanarwa

Yayin da al'ummomi suka zama masu tsari, caca ta sauya daga nishaɗin sirri zuwa kayan aikin tara kuɗi na jama'a.

Ƙasashe Masu Ƙananan Ƙasa: Ayyukan Da Aka Yi Wa 'Yan Adam da Kuma Taimako

An gudanar da irin wannan caca a birnin Bruges, Belgium, a shekara ta 1466. Birane a fadin ƙasashen Low Countries na zamani Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg sun yi amfani da irin wannan caca don tara kuɗi don ganuwar gari, tashoshi, da ayyukan sadaka. Misali mai shahararren misali shine irin caca da aka gudanar a shekara ta 1445 a garin Sluis, wanda ya tara kuɗi don matalauta da kare birni. Kalmar lottery kanta mai yiwuwa ta shiga Turanci daga Dutch loterij.

Faransa: Gasar Cin Kofin Loterie Royale

Sarki Francis I na Faransa ya gabatar da irin caca ta farko a shekara ta 1539 tare da wani doka da ta ba da izinin yin caca don taimakawa da kuma taimakawa matalauta. Duk da haka, waɗannan caca na Faransanci na farko sun fuskanci tsayayya mai ƙarfi daga masu daraja da coci, wanda ya haifar da haramtawa akai-akai. Ba sai Loterie Royale na karni na 18 ba, a ƙarƙashin Louis XV da Louis XVI, cewa ingantaccen tsarin caca ya bayyana. Juyin juya halin Faransa ya kawar da duk caca na jihar na wucin gadi, amma da sannu suka dawo kuma suka zama babbar hanyar samun kuɗi ga Jamhuriyar.

Italiya: Genoa da Haihuwar Wasan Lambobi na Zamani

Italiya tana da'awar kasancewa da dogon al'adar caca mai ci gaba. A karni na 16, Jamhuriyar Genoa ta gudanar da caca don zaɓar membobin majalisar gari. 'Yan ƙasa za su yi caca akan wanda za a zaɓa jami'ai biyar daga cikin masu neman takara tasa'in. Wannan caca ta Genoa ta samo asali ne a cikin wasa inda 'yan wasa suka zaɓi lambobi maimakon sunaye. A shekara ta 1730, jihar Italiya ta daidaita tsarin caca bisa zaɓi lambobi biyar daga 90, wanda ya bazu a duk Turai kuma har yanzu ana buga shi a wasu bambance-bambancen yau (misali, SuperEnalotto).

Ingila: Fitar da Lantarki na Ƙasa ta Farko

Sarauniya Elizabeth I ta yi rajistar irin wannan caca a shekara ta 1567 don tara kuɗi don gyara wuraren shakatawa da ƙarfin mulkin. Tikitin ya kashe shilling goma, babban kuɗi, amma kyaututtukan da suka haɗa da farantin, kayan ado, da tsabar kudi sun kasance masu yawa. An gudanar da Draw a Royal Exchange a London. Duk da haka, an fara la'akari da irin wannan caca a matsayin haraji ga matalauta kuma Puritans sun yi ta sukar ta sosai. Duk da haka, lotirin jihar na Ingila ya gudana a hankali har zuwa 1826, yana tallafawa ayyukan kamar Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya da kuma gyara gadar Westminster.

Yin caca a Amirka: Daga Bukatar Mulkin Mulki zuwa Labari

Lotteries sun isa Arewacin Amirka tare da mazaunan Turai na farko kuma da sauri suka zama kayan aiki mai muhimmanci don gina sabuwar ƙasa.

Zamanin Kwallon Kafa: Kudin Jami'o'i da 'Yan Ta'adda

A cikin karni na 17 da 18, caca ita ce hanyar farko ta samun kuɗi na ayyukan jama'a a cikin yankunan mulkin mallaka na Amurka. Massachusetts Bay Colony ta gudanar da caca a shekara ta 1745 don tallafawa Kwalejin Harvard. Sauran manyan cibiyoyin kamar Yale, Princeton, Columbia, da Dartmouth suma sun yi amfani da kudaden shiga daga caca a farkon shekarunsu. Lotoci sun ba da kuɗi ga gina hanyoyi, majami'u, hasken wuta (kamar Boston Light), har ma da siyan bindigogi da bindigogi ga Rundunar Sojojin Nahiyar. Benjamin Franklin ya yi shahararren shirya caca don siyan bindigogi don kare Philadelphia a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka.

Bayan Juyin Juya Halin da Kuma Karni na 19: Ci Gaban da Cin Hanci da Rashawa

Bayan samun 'yanci, gwamnatocin jihohi sun ba da takardun shaida ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gudanar da caca a musayar kashi na kudaden shiga. Wannan ya haifar da fashewar caca a cikin matasa. Duk da haka, yaudarar da aka yada ciki har da sayar da tikiti na karya, zane-zane, da dillalai marasa ladabi sun lalata amincewar jama'a. A cikin shekarun 1830, an sami motsi mai ƙarfi na anti-lottery, wanda masu gyara halin kirki suka motsa da kuma sanin jarabawar ya karu. Daya bayan ɗaya, jihohi sun haramta caca. Gwamnatin tarayya ta ƙare duk irin caca a cikin 1890 lokacin da Majalisa ta hana aikawa da tikiti na caca. A shekara ta 1900, kusan kowane jihohi ya haramta su.

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A cikin shekarun 1960, masu zartar da doka sun sake gano irin wannan caca a matsayin nau'in haraji na son rai. New Hampshire ta ƙaddamar da irin wannan caca ta farko a shekara ta 1964, sannan New York a shekara ta 1967. Waɗannan farkon caca sun kasance wasanni masu sauƙi tare da kyaututtuka masu ƙarancin gaske. Canjin ya zo a cikin shekarun 1970 tare da gabatar da tikiti na nan take, wanda ya kama tunanin jama'a tare da gamsuwa nan take. A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, jihohi sun fara kafa kawance-kwaiye don ba da manyan jackpots, wanda ya ƙare da Powerball (1992) da Mega Millions (2002, haɗuwa da farkon wasanni na jihohi da yawa).

Fasahar Cin Kofin Lantarki ta Yau: Fasaha, Duniya, da Kuma Kyauta Mai Girma

A yau, yanayin caca na duniya yana da masana'antu na fasaha mai girma da ke samar da biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara.

Lotto na Jiha da na Jiha-jiha

A Amurka, jihohi 45 da Washington D.C., Puerto Rico, da Tsibirin Virgin na Amurka suna gudanar da caca. Suna da ikon mallakar gwamnati, tare da kudaden shiga da aka tsara don dalilai na musamman na jama'a: ilimi, manyan ayyuka, kayayyakin more rayuwa, ko kuma kudade na gaba ɗaya. Wasanni masu yawa na Powerball da Mega Millions sun canza caca har abada ta hanyar ba da jackpots sau da yawa fiye da dala miliyan 500, tare da mafi girma a duniya ya kai sama da dala biliyan 2. Wannan jackpots creep ana ciyar da shi ta hanyar canje-canje a dokoki waɗanda ke sa lambar yabo ta fi wuya a buga amma ta juya ta da sauri.

Loto na Duniya: Yin Wasa a Ƙetare Ƙasa

Turai tana ba da samfurin haɗin gwiwar caca na ƙasa da ƙasa. An ƙaddamar da caca ta EuroMillions a shekara ta 2004 ta ƙasashen Turai tara (Faransa, Burtaniya, Spain, Ireland, Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Switzerland). Yana haɗu da 'yan wasa a fadin iyakoki don ƙirƙirar manyan jackpots waɗanda ke wucewa da yawa € 100 miliyan. Hakanan, Australian Powerball, Canada's Lotto Max, da Japan's Numbers 3 da Numbers 4 suna nuna yadda al'adu da yanayin kula da yanayi ke tsara tsarin caca daban-daban. Wasu ƙasashe, kamar Jamus, suna gudanar da caca na ƙasa tare da na jihohi.

Yin caca ta Yanar Gizo da Wayar hannu: Juyin Juya Halin Dijital

Har zuwa shekarun 2010, siyan tikitin caca ya buƙaci ziyartar mai siyarwa. Intanet ta canza hakan. Lotto na jihohi da yawa yanzu suna ba da ƙa'idodi na hukuma da rukunin yanar gizo inda mazauna za su iya bincika tikiti, bincika sakamakon, da siyan shigarwa. A lokaci guda, sabis na ɓangare na uku na aika saƙon irin su Jackpocket (yanzu doka ce a yawancin jihohin Amurka) yana ba masu amfani damar yin odar tikiti ta zahiri ta hanyar wayoyin salula. Wasu hukumomi sun ma rungumi wasannin caca na dijital, gami da wasan keno na kamala da wasannin kai tsaye na ma'amala. An kiyasta kasuwar caca ta kan layi ta duniya sama da dala biliyan 10 a cikin 2023 kuma tana ci gaba da haɓaka, wanda aka motsa ta da zaɓuɓɓukan zaɓaɓɓu masu tabbatarwa na blockchain da zaɓuɓɓukan cryptocurrency.

Yadda Za a Yi Fitar da Wasanni na Yau

Lotteries na zamani suna amfani da masu samar da lambobi masu saurin gaske (RNGs) ko injunan zanawa na zahiri (misali, Powerball s farin ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa da jan Powerball drum). An tsara tsarin kyauta don isar da kusan 50-60% na siyar da tikiti ga 'yan wasa a matsayin kyaututtuka, tare da sauran suna zuwa shirye-shiryen gwamnati, kwamitocin' yan kasuwa, da farashin gudanarwa. Zaɓuɓɓukan shekara-shekara suna ba da damar biyan jackpots sama da kashi 30, kodayake yawancin masu cin nasara yanzu sun zaɓi zaɓi zaɓi na tsabar kuɗi na tsabar kuɗi, wanda kusan rabin jackpot ne da aka tallata kafin haraji.

Tasirin Tattalin Arziki da Al'umma na Lotteries

Lotteries ba kawai nishaɗi ba ne; suna da tasiri mai zurfi a kan kudaden gwamnati da kuma halin mutum.

Kudaden Shiga na Ayyukan Jama'a: Kyauta Mai Ban Sha'awa

A shekara ta 2022, caca ta jihar Amurka ta samar da sama da dala biliyan 90 a cikin tallace-tallace kuma ta dawo da sama da dala biliyan 27 ga gwamnatocin jihohi. Wannan kuɗin yana tallafawa komai daga tsarin makarantu na jama'a (Florida, Texas) zuwa shirye-shiryen muhalli (Colorado, Georgia) da kula da lafiya (New York, California). Masu goyon bayan caca suna jayayya cewa caca tana ba da son rai, haraji mai koma baya wanda ke sauƙaƙe matsin lamba akan haraji mai tushe. Duk da haka, masu sukar sun lura cewa kudaden shiga daga caca galibi ba ƙari bane amma maimakon haka suna ba da damar jihohi su yanke wasu hanyoyin samun kuɗi, aikin da aka sani da kasafin kuɗi. Misali, lokacin da asusun ilimin caca na jihar ya girma, majalisa na iya rage kuɗin kai tsaye zuwa ilimi da adadin.

Yin Sha'awar Yin Caca da Kuma Auna Halayen

Ana yawan la'akari da caca ta caca a matsayin nau'i mai sauƙi na caca, amma bincike ya nuna cewa yana iya zama mai maye. Kimanin kashi 2-3% na 'yan wasan caca suna haɓaka matsalolin caca, bisa ga nazarin cututtukan cututtuka. Samun damar shiga tikiti na caca a tashoshin mai, shagunan abinci, da kan layi yana ba da gudummawa ga sau da yawa, ƙananan caca da za su iya haɓaka. Ba kamar wasannin gidan caca ba, sakamakon caca ba ya dogara da ƙwarewa kuma yana da wuya, wanda zai iya ƙarfafa asara.

Kudin da aka ba da da gudummawa da kuma harajin caca

Nazarin da yawa ya tabbatar da cewa halartar caca yana da alaƙa da samun kuɗi. Gidajen da ke da ƙananan kuɗi, a matsakaita, suna kashe babban kashi na kuɗin shiga a kan tikiti na caca fiye da gidajen da ke da babban kuɗi. Jami'ar California da Jami'ar Duke sun buga binciken da ke nuna cewa a jihohin da ke da manyan wasannin jackpot, mafi talauci zipcodes suna kashe kuɗi a kan tikiti na Powerball da Mega Millions. Masana tattalin arziƙin halayyar suna nuna tasirin hope: ƙaramin damar samun babbar kyauta yana da kyau musamman ga waɗanda ke da iyakantaccen motsi na tattalin arziki. Wannan ya haifar da zargin cewa lotteries suna aiki azaman haraji mai koma baya akan kuɗin, kodayake na son rai. Masu tsara manufofi suna muhawara ko wannan karɓar riba ce ga jama'a don kuɗin lotteri.

Rikicin, Dokar, da Kuma Yaƙin Tsarkin Allah

A tarihi, ana yin magudi da kuma yin magudi a caca. Dokokin zamani sun tsabtace masana'antar sosai, amma wasu ƙalubale suna tuna mana bukatar kasancewa a faɗake.

Tattalin Arziki na Tarihi: Rikicin Loto na Louisiana

Mafi shahararren almara na caca na Amurka shine Kamfanin Lottery na Jihar Louisiana, wanda ya kasance mai aiki daga 1868 zuwa 1894. Duk da Yarjejeniyar da ta bukaci ta yi aiki kawai a Louisiana, kamfanin ya ba da rashawa ga jami'an jihar kuma ya yi amfani da tsarin gidan waya na kasa don sayar da tikiti a duk faɗin ƙasar, ya zama babbar zamba a cikin zane-zane, gami da amfani da ƙwallon da aka ƙaddara da sakamakon da aka shirya a gaba ya haifar da fushin jama'a kuma a ƙarshe an hana dokar tarayya ta tallace-tallace na caca a cikin 1890. Wannan almara ya kasance babban abin da ke haifar da haramcin caca a Amurka na shekaru 70 masu zuwa.

Matakan Kasancewa da Mutunci na Yau: Tsaro da Bayyanawa

A yau, caca suna aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar gwamnati. Ana gwada injunan zanawa ta hanyar dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu (kamar Gaming Laboratories International), kuma ana yin rikodin zane-zane kuma galibi ana watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye. A game da jackpots na jihohi da yawa, Ƙungiyar Lottery ta jihohi (MUSL) tana kula da Powerball, yayin da Mega Millions ke gudanar da ƙungiyar caca ta jihohi. Kowane tikitin yana da lambobin serial na musamman da lambobin bar kuma ana bin sawun ta hanyar tsarin kwamfuta na tsakiya don hana karya. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana yin zamba ta ciki a wasu lokuta, kamar batun 2015 na ma'aikacin Lottery na Wisconsin wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin neman tikitin da aka sata. Yawancin lotteries yanzu suna da ƙa'idodin tsaro masu ƙarfi, gami da bincika bayanan sirri na dole ga duk ma'aikata.

Matsalolin Da Ake Bi a Zamanin Dijital

Tashin masu aikawa da lotteries ta yanar gizo da masu siyar da tikiti na lotteries na duniya (misali, TheLotter, Lottohub) yana haifar da tambayoyi masu rikitarwa game da ƙa'idodi. Shin waɗannan sabis ɗin halal ne? Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa Dokar Wire ta 1961 ta shafi caca ta yanar gizo, amma daga baya ta bayyana cewa ba ta shafi caca ta jihar ko tallan caca ta yanar gizo. Duk da haka, tallace-tallace na kan iyakoki inda ɗan wasa a Amurka ya sayi tikiti a cikin caca ta waje ta hanyar wakili yana faruwa a cikin yankin launin toka na doka.

Canjin Fasaha: Menene Gaba ga Lotteries?

Masana'antar caca tana daidaitawa da sauri ga sababbin fasahohi, wanda ke da muhimman tasiri ga yadda ake wasa da kuma tsara wasanni.

Blockchain da Tabbatar da Randomity

Wasu farawa suna amfani da fasahar blockchain don ƙirƙirar caca mai adalci inda zanawa ya dogara da hash na ɓoye wanda 'yan wasa zasu iya tabbatarwa da kansu. Wannan yana magance tsohuwar matsalar amincewa da tsarin zanawa. Misali, wasan "Kibo" yana amfani da Ethereum blockchain don yin rikodin kowane siyarwar tikiti da zanawa. Duk da cewa waɗannan har yanzu suna da kyau, suna wakiltar makomar da za a iya amfani da su a ciki.

Ilimin Artificial da Wasan da Aka Yi wa Mutane

Aikace-aikacen caca sun riga sun yi amfani da AI don ba da shawarar lucky numbers bisa ga zane-zane na bayako da yake wannan ba shi da ma'ana a lissafi; kowane zane yana da 'yanci. Mafi amfani, ana amfani da AI don gano tsarin wasan matsala (misali, maimaita sayayya a babban mita) da kuma haifar da tsangwama na caca mai alhaki. Wasu caca na jihar, kamar Minnesota Lottery, sun tura AI chatbots don hulɗa da 'yan wasa da samar da bayanai game da rashin daidaito da haɗari.

Ƙarfin Abokan Biyan Kuɗi da Wasan Wasanni

Aikace-aikacen caca na hukuma yanzu suna ba masu amfani damar saita biyan kuɗi don lambobi iri ɗaya a cikin zane-zane da yawa, suna kwaikwayon dabarun lambar-lambar-kowane lokaci. Wannan wasan da aka sarrafa kansa yana haɓaka sauƙi amma kuma yana haifar da damuwa game da yawan caca, ba tare da kulawa ba. Jihohi da yawa, gami da Michigan da Georgia, sun ba da rahoton cewa asusun biyan kuɗi suna cikin mafi yawan masu kashe kuɗi ta kowane mai amfani. daidaitawa da sarrafa kansa tare da kare mai kunnawa ya kasance babban ƙalubale ga masu tsarawa.

Ƙarshen

Tarihin caca madubi ne na wayewar ɗan adam: ƙaunarmu ga dama, buƙatarmu ga ayyukan jama'a, gwagwarmayarmu da jaraba da rashin daidaito. Daga ƙwanƙwasawar keno na Han Dynasty zuwa jackpots na Powerball na biliyan na yau, caca ta tabbatar da sauƙin daidaitawa. Ta tsira da haramta, ba'a, da kuma tafiye-tafiye na ɗabi'a, ta sake fitowa a matsayin babban rafi kuma galibi gwamnati ta gudanar da masana'antu. Yayin da fasaha ke tura caca zuwa sababbin fannoni, jigon tashin hankali ya kasance: caca ita ce tushen mahimmancin kuɗin jama'a da kuma nau'in caca wanda zai iya cutar da 'yan wasa masu rauni. Fahimtar tarihin ta yana taimaka mana mu kewaya wannan tashin hankali, tabbatar da cewa makomar caca tana da daidaito kamar yadda ta gabata.

Don ƙarin karatu, bincika bincike daga Hukumar Kula da Caca ta Kasa ta FLT:0, tarihin tarihi a Massachusetts Historical Society na lotteries na zamanin mulkin mallaka, da kuma Ƙungiyar Lotteries na Multi-State na FLT: 5 don bayanan jackpot na hukuma. Don ra'ayoyin ilimi game da tattalin arzikin caca, duba nazarin da Hukumar Kula da Tattalin Arziki ta Amurka ta wallafa.