Yadda ake samun 'yancin yin caca a jihar: Bincike mai kyau

Kasashen da ke da tallafi na gwamnati sun zama kayan aikin kuɗi na jama'a a yankuna da yawa, suna samar da biliyoyin tallace-tallace na tikiti na shekara-shekara. Kira mai sauƙi ne: mahalarta suna haɗarin ƙaramin kuɗi don damar samun riba mai canji, yayin da jihar ke karɓar kudaden shiga waɗanda galibi ke tallafawa shirye-shirye kamar ilimi, ƙasa, ko sabis na zamantakewa. Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin wannan ma'amala mai sauƙi yana da ƙirar tasirin tattalin arziki mai rikitarwa wanda ya cancanci bincike mai kyau. Masu goyon baya suna jaddada samun kuɗi da fa'idodin jama'a, yayin da masu sukar ke jaddada yanayin koma baya na haraji da farashin zamantakewar caca. Wannan labarin yana ba da cikakken nazari game da yadda caca ke tasiri ga tattalin arzikin gida, ta hanyar nazarin ilimin kimiyya da nazarin yanayin duniya na ainihi daga Amurka da ƙasashen waje.

Yadda Loto ke Samarwa da Kuma Raba Kudaden shiga

Lotteries aiki ta hanyar wani sauki model: tikitin tallace-tallace suna tara, wani ɓangare da aka mayar a matsayin kyaututtuka, wani rabo rufe aiki halin kaka, da sauran zama riba ga tallafawa gwamnati. a matsakaita, jihar lotteries dawo game da 5060% na tallace-tallace ga 'yan wasa a matsayin kyaututtuka. administrative da marketing halin kaka cinye game da 1015%, bar sauran 2535% a matsayin net kudaden shiga ga jama'a kasafin kudin shiga. Wannan samun kudin shiga stream iya zama m. Alal misali, hade lotteries kudaden shiga a fadin Amurka jihohin wuce $ 25 biliyan a shekara, sa lotteries wani muhimmanci tushen na son rai kudi ga jihohi gwamnatoci.

Rarrabawar ta bambanta ta hanyar hukuma. Tikitin karɓar karɓar nan take yawanci yakan dawo da ƙarami ga 'yan wasa fiye da wasannin da ke motsa jackpot kamar Powerball, saboda karɓar karɓar yana ɗaukar ƙarin farashin samarwa da kuɗin kwamiti na kiri. Wasu jihohi, kamar Texas, sun yi gwaji tare da tsada mai tsada, ƙananan ƙimar wasan nan take waɗanda ke dawo da ƙasa da 45% na tallace-tallace, suna barin babban rabo ga jihar. Sauran, kamar Burtaniya, suna ba da umarnin karɓar ƙaramin kyautar kuɗi na 50%.

Tsarin rarraba da kuma nuna gaskiya

Yadda ake rarraba kudaden caca ya bambanta sosai. Wasu jihohi suna rarraba kudaden shiga don takamaiman dalili, kamar ilimi ko manyan ayyuka, yayin da wasu ke saka kudaden shiga cikin babban asusu. Bayyanawar waɗannan rarrabawar yana shafar amincewar jama'a da shiga. Lokacin da masu jefa kuri'a suka fahimci cewa kuɗin caca kai tsaye suna tallafawa makarantu ko wuraren shakatawa, suna iya ganin sayen tikiti a matsayin gudummawar son rai ga jama'a. Duk da haka, bincike daga Hukumar Haraji ta FLT:1 ya lura cewa rarrabawar kuɗi na iya zama mai ɓatarwa, kamar yadda jihohi galibi ke rage sauran kuɗin zuwa shirin da aka yi niyya, sauya kuɗin gargajiya da kudaden shiga na caca maimakon ƙarin shi. Wannan tasirin tasirin yana lalata tasirin tasirin kuɗin da aka ba da kuɗin shiga kuma yana iya haifar da tunanin haraji inda 'yan ƙasa suka gaskata suna samun ƙarin sabis fiye da yadda suke a zahiri.

Abubuwan da ke sa a samu riba mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki

Kudaden caca na iya ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin gida ta hanyoyi da yawa bayan samun kuɗin shiga kai tsaye na sabis na gwamnati. Lokacin da jihohi suka saka kudaden caca a cikin ayyukan jari kamar gine-ginen makaranta, dakunan karatu, ko sufuri, kashe kuɗi yana haifar da ayyukan gini da tallafawa masu samar da gida. Sakamakon ninkawa daga waɗannan saka hannun jari yana motsawa ta hanyar tattalin arzikin gidama'aikatan gini suna kashe albashi a cikin kasuwancin da ke kusa, kuma ingantaccen kayan aikin ƙasa na iya jawo hankalin saka hannun jari na sirri. Bugu da ƙari, shirye-shiryen da aka ba da kuɗin shiga na cacakamar karatun kwaleji ko taimakon karatunna iya haɓaka babban birnin ɗan adam da yawan aiki na dogon lokaci. Nazarin da Ofishin Nazarin Tattalin Arziki na Kasa ya yi ya bincika sakamakon ilimin shirye-shiryen karatun da aka ba da kuɗin shiga na caca kuma ya gano sakamako mai kyau a kan rajistar kwaleji, musamman ɗalibai daga ƙananan da matsakaitan kuɗi.

Samar da Ayyuka a Kasuwancin Sadarwa da Gudanarwa

Ayyukan caca da kansu suna amfani da ma'aikata masu kwazo. Kwamishinan caca na jihar suna amfani da masu gudanarwa, masu kasuwa, da masu duba. Masu siyarwa ciki har da shagunan saukakawa, manyan kasuwanni, da tashoshin mai suna samun kwamitocin akan siyar da tikiti, wanda galibi yana haifar da wani ɓangare na kudaden shiga. A jihohi da yawa, sayar da caca yana samar da gudummawar kudaden shiga ga ƙananan kamfanoni, musamman a yankunan karkara inda sauran direbobi na zirga-zirga na iya zama iyakance. Tasirin ninkawa daga waɗannan ma'aikata da yan kasuwa suna kashe kuɗin da ke cikin gida yana ƙara haɓaka tasirin tattalin arziki. Misali, rahoton 2022 daga Lotar California ya kiyasta cewa cibiyar sadarwar ta ta tallafi sama da ayyukan yi 23,000 a duk faɗin jihar, ba tare da la'akari da abubuwan da ba a kai tsaye ba da aka samar ta hanyar sayen masu samar da kaya da kuɗin cinikin masu amfani.

Tasirin Ruwa a Yawon Bude Ido da Nishaɗi

Babban jackpots na iya jawo hankalin 'yan wasa da masu yawon bude ido. Lokacin da Powerball ko Mega Millions jackpots suka tashi sama da dala miliyan 500, labaran labarai suna haifar da tallace-tallace na tikiti a fadin iyakoki. Baƙi daga jihohin da ba na caca ba ko ƙasashe na iya tafiya don siyan tikiti, tsayawa a tashoshin gas na gida, gidajen abinci, da otal. Duk da cewa wannan tasirin yana da ban mamaki, yana ba da kashe kuɗi na ɗan gajeren lokaci ga tattalin arzikin gida. Wasu jihohi, kamar New Hampshire da Oregon, sun yi amfani da caca don jawo hankalin baƙi zuwa yankunan kan iyaka, suna yin haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumar yawon buɗe ido don haɓaka haɗin gwiwar shirya tafiye-tafiye da wasa.

Yadda ake Biyan Harajin Loto

Daya daga cikin masu sukar da suka fi dagewa game da caca shine cewa suna aiki azaman haraji mai koma baya. Bincike mai zurfi ya nuna cewa ƙananan iyalai suna kashe babban rabo daga kuɗin shiga akan tikitin caca fiye da gidajen da ke da babban kuɗi. Nazarin 2019 na Cibiyar Brookings ya gano cewa mutane da ke samun ƙasa da $ 30,000 a kowace shekara suna kashe matsakaicin kashi 2.5% na kuɗin shiga akan tikitin caca, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 0.5% ga waɗanda ke samun sama da $ 100,000. Wannan bambancin yana haifar da damuwa game da daidaito: mutanen da suka fi iya rasa kuɗi sune waɗanda ke ɗaukar nauyin harajin caca wanda bai dace ba.

Tattalin Arziki na Halaye da Kuma Ra'ayin Yin Iko

Tallace-tallace na caca sau da yawa yana jaddada yiwuwar canza rayuwar jackpot, ta hanyar amfani da ra'ayoyin fahimta kamar ra'ayoyin ra'ayoyin ra'ayi da ra'ayoyin kirki. 'Yan wasa na iya wuce kima da damar su na cin nasara da kuma raina asarar da ake tsammani na dogon lokaci. Wannan ba zato ba tsammani ba ne; an tsara tallan caca don ci gaba da tashin hankali da ƙarfafa sake sayayya. Duk da yake mutane suna da haƙƙin yin zaɓin kansu, shigar jihar a cikin tallata samfurin da ke cutar da ƙananan al'ummomin da ke da ƙananan kuɗi yana haifar da tambayoyi na ɗabi'a. Bugu da ƙari, haɓakar dandamali na caca na dijital wanda ke ba wa 'yan wasa damar siyan tikiti ta hanyar aikace-aikacen hannuya sauƙaƙa wasa da hanzari, wanda zai iya ƙara ƙarancin yanayin kashe kuɗi tsakanin mutanen da ke da rauni.

Kudaden da ake biyan kuɗi: shan giya, yin rashin kuɗi, da kuma aikata laifi

Bayan koma baya na kudi, caca suna sanya farashi mai ma'ana na zamantakewa. caca ta matsala tana shafar kimanin kashi 12% na yawan manya, kuma wasannin caca musamman ma saukin kai da kuma cin nasara na yau da kullun sune babban dalilin lalacewar da ke tattare da caca. Kudaden sun haɗa da karuwar shigar da faduwa, yawan saki, da aikata laifi. Wani binciken da aka yi a cikin mujallar FLT: 0 Addiction: 1 ya kiyasta cewa kowane mai caca mai cutarwa yana kashe wa al'umma tsakanin $ 5,000 zuwa $ 10,000 a shekara a cikin asarar yawan aiki, bashi, da kuma kashe kuɗin sabis na zamantakewa. Shirye-shiryen magani na jihar, galibi galibi galibi galibi ana tallafawa ta hanyar kudaden caca, suna taimakawa rage waɗannan kuɗin, amma tasirin tasirin tasirin gaba ɗaya ya kasance mai kyau ga mutane da yawa da al'ummomin su. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Caca ta FLT: 2 ta Kasa, rayuwar mai caca mai matsala na iya wucewa da $ 40,000 a cikin asarar doka, da kudade na taimako, da taimakon kuɗi.

Tasirin Kasuwanci da Al'ummomin da ke cikin Ƙasar

A cikin unguwannin da ke da yawan masu sayar da caca, yawan damar caca na iya canza tsarin kashe kuɗi. Kudin da aka kashe akan tikitin caca kuɗi ne da ba a kashe a kan kayan abinci, haya, ko wasu abubuwan da suka dace. Kasuwancin gida waɗanda ba su sayar da kayayyakin caca na iya fuskantar raguwar zirga-zirgar ƙafa. Akasin haka, 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ke dogaro da kwamitocin caca na iya fuskantar rashin daidaito idan tallace-tallace suka ragu. Net tasirin tasirin lafiyar ƙananan kasuwancin ya haɗu kuma ya dogara da wuri. Nazarin 2020 daga Jami'ar Alabama ya bincika bayanan rajistar yanki kuma ya gano cewa ƙarancin yawan masu sayar da caca ya danganta da ƙarancin kuɗin adanawa na gida da ƙarancin kuɗin bashi mara tsaro.

Nazarin Kwatanta: California, New York, Florida, da kuma Ingila

Binciken takamaiman hukumomi ya nuna yadda kudaden caca da tattalin arzikin gida ke hadewa.

Fitar da Lantarki na California

Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1984, Loto na California ya ba da gudummawa sama da dala biliyan 40 ga ilimin jama'a. Duk da haka, saboda jihar tana amfani da kudaden caca don ƙarin maimakon maye gurbin kasafin kuɗin ilimi na yanzu, masu sukar suna jayayya cewa ƙarin kudaden shiga bai haifar da haɓaka gwargwadon kuɗin da ɗalibi ya kashe ba. Bugu da ƙari, dogaro da irin wannan caca akan babban jackpot Powerball da Mega Millions ya haifar da saɓani a cikin kudaden shiga, yana mai da shi tushen rashin aminci don tsara ilimi na dogon lokaci. A cikin 2022, Loto na California ya samar da dala biliyan 2.1 a cikin kudaden shiga, amma wannan adadi ya yi canji da kusan 15% daga shekara zuwa shekara saboda sake zagayowar jackpot.

Fitar da Lantarki a New York

A shekarar 2023, caca ta samar da sama da dala biliyan 3.5 a cikin kudaden shiga. Duk da haka rahoto na 2021 daga mai kula da jihar ya gano cewa kudaden shiga na caca ba su hana rage wasu shirye-shiryen ilimi ba yayin karancin kasafin kuɗi. Hakanan caca tana fuskantar gasa daga jihohin makwabta tare da wasannin kansu, wanda ke haifar da gasa ta makamai wanda ke ƙara jawo hankalin halayen caca masu matsala. New York ta yi ƙoƙarin rage cutar zamantakewa ta hanyar tallafawa sabis na jaraba ta hanyar caca, ta ba da gudummawar kusan dala miliyan 5 a shekara ba ƙasa da 0.2% na jimlar kudaden shiga na caca.

Lotto na Florida

Lottery na Florida, wanda aka kafa a 1988, ya ba da kuɗin shirin Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta mai Kyau, wanda ya taimaka wa miliyoyin dalibai halartar kwaleji. Shahararren ilimin ya haɓaka siffar jama'a na caca. Duk da haka, bincike na 2018 ya nuna cewa sayar da tikitin caca an mai da hankali ne akan lambobin ZIP masu ƙarancin kuɗi, kuma cewa shirin Kyautar Kyauta mai Kyau yana amfanar ɗalibai daga iyalai masu ƙarancin kuɗi waɗanda ke samun ƙimar gwajin da ake buƙata. Saboda haka, rarraba fa'idodin na iya zama ba daidai ba da nauyin kuɗi. Wannan rashin daidaituwa yana haifar da tambayoyi game da daidaito mai ɗorewa: waɗanda suka biya mafi yawa a cikin tsarin ba su ne waɗanda suka sami mafi yawan fa'ida ba.

Ƙasar Ingila National Lottery

Misalai na kasa da kasa suna ba da ƙarin haske. Loto na ƙasa na Burtaniya, wanda aka ƙaddamar a 1994, ya ba da kashi 28% na kudaden shiga na tikiti ga Good Causes (art, al'adun gargajiya, wasanni, da ayyukan al'umma). Ba kamar yawancin caca na Amurka ba, samfurin Burtaniya a bayyane yake tallafawa ayyuka da yawa maimakon yanki ɗaya, kuma hukumomi masu zaman kansu suna rarraba tallafi. Wannan tsarin ya inganta gaskiya da amincewar jama'a. Duk da haka, Burtaniya kuma tana fuskantar damuwa game da koma baya: Rahoton 2019 na Cibiyar Nazarin Kudi ya gano cewa iyalan da ke da ƙananan kudade suna kashe babban rabo na kudaden shiga a cikin caca, kodayake adadin cikakkun kuɗi ya fi ƙarami fiye da na Amurka. Burtaniya ta kuma aiwatar da ƙa'idodin talla mafi tsauri, gami da haramta tallan caca a lokacin shirye-shiryen talabijin na yara.

Tunanin Manufofin Jama'a da Gyara

Ganin cinikayya, masu yanke shawara suna fuskantar yanke shawara mai wuya a cikin tsara tsarin caca. An gabatar da gyare-gyare da yawa don haɓaka fa'idodi yayin rage lalacewa:

  • Farin cikin gaskiya: Bayyana yadda ake kashe kudaden caca da yadda suke hulɗa da kasafin kuɗi mafi girma na iya inganta lissafin jama'a. Binciken kai tsaye da rahotanni na jama'a na iya taimaka wa masu jefa kuri'a su fahimci ainihin tasirin kudaden shiga na caca.
  • Ƙuntata talla: Ƙuntatawa kan tallan da ke niyya ga ƙananan mutane masu samun kuɗi ko masu rauni na iya rage halartar koma baya. Misalai sun haɗa da hana tallan caca a wasu kafofin watsa labarai ko iyakance amfani da saƙonnin optimism bias wanda ke rage yiwuwar asara.
  • Gudanar da kuɗin shiga na caca zuwa shirye-shiryen caca na matsala wani abu ne na yau da kullun amma galibi bai dace ba; ƙara waɗannan abubuwan ba zai iya daidaita farashin zamantakewar jama'a. Wasu jihohi, kamar Pennsylvania, sun sadaukar da 1% na kudaden shiga na caca zuwa sabis na jaraba, amma masana suna ba da shawarar aƙalla 23% bisa la'akari da kimantaccen kuɗin zamantakewa.
  • ]Binciken rarraba: Yin ƙaura daga rarrabaccen rarraba zuwa ga gudummawar kuɗi na yau da kullun na iya ba da damar rarraba albarkatu daidai, yana guje wa tasirin maye gurbin da ke rage ribar riba.

Matsayin Tushen Kuɗi na Musamman

Wasu masana tattalin arziki sun yi jayayya cewa dogaro da caca yana nuna rashin nasarar jihohi don karɓar tsarin haraji mai ci gaba. Idan jihohi suna buƙatar ƙarin kuɗaɗen shiga don ilimi ko ƙasa, hanya mafi kai tsaye da adalci ita ce ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga ko harajin kamfanoni, ko aiwatar da harajin ƙimar. Duk da haka, irin waɗannan hanyoyin suna fuskantar juriya ta siyasa, yana mai da caca hanyar siyasa mai dacewa amma ba ta da kyau a tattalin arziki.

Ƙarshe: Ka Kasance da Ra'ayi Mai Kyau

Har ila yau, suna ba da damar yin amfani da kuɗin shiga na caca don tallafawa ayyukan jama'a masu amfani da ayyukan da za su iya haifar da ayyukan aiki, kuma suna gamsar da buƙatar mabukaci don nishaɗin caca. A lokaci guda, suna ɗora wa mutane masu ƙarancin kuɗi nauyin kuɗi, suna ba da gudummawa ga jaraba da wahala ta kuɗi, da kuma gabatar da rashin daidaito a cikin kasafin kuɗi na jihar. Ayyukan al'ummomi shine su auna waɗannan abubuwan da kyau, aiwatar da kariya don kare mutanen da ke cikin rauni, da kuma tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da kuɗin caca yadda ya kamata da kuma a bayyane.

Yayin da yanayin caca ke ci gaba tare da hauhawar caca ta kan layi da caca ta wasanni, darussan da aka koya daga binciken caca sun kasance masu dacewa. Masu tsara manufofi dole ne su kasance masu faɗakarwa game da yanayin ƙirar caca ta biyu da ke tallafawa jihar ƙulla ikon samun kuɗin shiga yayin da suke karewa daga haɗarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Binciken nan gaba ya kamata ya mai da hankali kan bin diddigin tasirin caca a cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar tattalin arziki daban-daban, da kuma tasirin dabarun rage haɗari kamar shirye-shiryen keɓance kai da gargadi na tallace-tallace. Tattalin arzikin ƙasa ya cancanci manufofin da ba kawai ke da ƙima a cikin kuɗi ba amma kuma suna da kyau a ɗabi'a.