Tarihin caca ya nuna wani shafi mai ban sha'awa a cikin wayewar ɗan adam, wanda ke nuna canje-canje a cikin gudanarwa, tattalin arziki, da kuma dabi'un zamantakewa. Daga farkon tawali'u a matsayin nau'in nishaɗi zuwa masana'antar duniya mai dala biliyoyin, caca ta ba da kuɗi ga ayyukan jama'a, ta tallafawa yaƙe-yaƙe, kuma ta haifar da muhawara ta ɗabi'a wanda ke ci gaba har zuwa yau. Wannan labarin da aka faɗaɗa yana bincika mahimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin caca, daga zamanin da aka yi zuwa zamanin dijital, yana ba da cikakken kallo game da yadda wasannin sa'a suka tsara kuma aka tsara su ta hanyar al'umma.

Tsohon Farawa: Labaran Farko na Kasancewa

Shaidar farko game da ayyukan irin caca ta fara ne a zamanin zamanin zamanin zamanin zamanin Han, a kusa da 205187 BC. Fragments na keno slips da masana kimiyyar tarihi suka gano sun nuna cewa an yi amfani da waɗannan wasannin farko don tara kuɗi don manyan ayyukan gwamnati, gami da gina Babban Ginin China. Duk da yake dokoki na ainihi ba su da tabbas, ƙa'idar yin caca don rarraba kyaututtuka ko ƙayyade sakamakon ya riga ya kafa. Wannan tsarin caca na farko yana ɗaya daga cikin farkon amfani da aka rubuta na wasan da aka yi amfani da shi don samun kuɗin jama'a, yana kafa misali wanda zai yi murna a cikin dubunnan shekaru.

Keno kanta na iya samun tushe tun da wuri. Wasu masana sunyi imanin cewa wasan Sin na baige piao, ko "tikitin fararen kurciya", ya bayyana a lokacin daular Zhou kuma ya ƙunshi zaɓar haruffa daga waƙar. 'Yan wasa za su sanya haruffa a kan wani zane, kuma an ƙaddara masu nasara ta hanyar zanawa. Wannan haɗin karatu, caca, da kuma kudaden jama'a ya tabbatar da kasancewa mai dorewa sosai kuma ya shafi tsarin caca a Asiya da bayan haka.

Lotteries a Tsohon Roma: Tsarin gargajiya

A tsohuwar Roma, ana kiran irin caca a matsayin nau'ikan FLT:0 kuma suna da dalilai biyu: nishaɗi da rarraba dukiya. Masu masaukin baki galibi suna shirya caca a lokacin liyafa mai ban sha'awa, inda baƙi ke jefa kuri'a don kyaututtuka daga kyawawan kaya zuwa bayi. Sarkin sarakuna Augustus kuma ya yi amfani da caca don tallafawa gyaran Roma bayan mummunan gobara. Duk da haka, waɗannan farkon caca na Roman ba a ƙarƙashin ikon jihar a ma'anar zamani; sun kasance al'amuran sirri ne da aka shirya ta hanyar fitattun mutane don nasu dalilai.

A wasu lokuta, ana jefa kuri'a don ƙayyade nufin alloli, wani aiki da aka sani da FLT:2 sortilege. Temples wani lokacin amfani da kuri'u don rarraba hadaya ko zaɓar firistoci, blurring layin tsakanin al'ada mai tsarki da caca. Wannan haɗin ruhaniya ya ba da caca na farko halalci wanda wasanni na kasuwanci kawai ba su da shi, yana taimaka musu samun karbuwa a cikin zamantakewar zamantakewa.

Bayan Roma, wasu tsoffin al'adu suna da nasu juzu'i. Talmud na Yahudawa yana nufin wani nau'in caca da aka yi amfani da shi don rarraba ayyukan haikalin tsakanin ajin firistoci. A tsohuwar Girka, dimokiradiyya ta Athens ta yi amfani da na'urar da ake kira flt:0kleroterion flt:1a tsarin zaɓi na bazuwar tare da alamun tagulla da ramummukadon zaɓar jami'an gwamnati. Duk da cewa ba irin caca ba ne don kyaututtukan kuɗi, ka'idar zana kuri'a don rarraba ayyuka ko albarkatu ta kasance cikin zurfin zurfin waɗannan wayewar zamani.

Zamanin Tsakiya da Renaissance: Tsarin Mulki da Kuma Kula da Gwamnati

A tsakiyar zamanai ya ga wani mataki-mataki canji daga masu zaman kansu, bazuwar irin caca zuwa shirya jama'a. Na farko da aka rubuta irin caca a Turai ya faru a Low Countries (yanzu Belgium, Netherlands, da Luxembourg) a lokacin 15th karni. garuruwa kamar Ghent, Utrecht, da Bruges gudanar da irin caca don tara kudi ga fortifications, rauni taimako, da kuma sauran bukatun al'umma. A lura da tunani bayyana a cikin birnin asusun L'Ecluse a 1445, wanda ya ambaci irin caca don gina ganuwar da garuruwa. Wadannan farkon irin caca ne na civic kudi tara, tare da mahalarta sayen tikitoci ga damar lashe tsabar kudi ko kaya.

A ƙarshen tsakiyar zamanai, caca ta zama kayan aiki na yau da kullun don tallafawa ayyukan jama'a a duk faɗin Turai. A Italiya, caca ta FLT: 0 ta bayyana a matsayin sanannen wasa, musamman a Genoa da Venice, inda 'yan ƙasa zasu iya yin caca akan sakamakon ƙaddamarwa. caca ta Italiya ta FLT: 3 ta samo asali zuwa cikin ingantaccen tsarin da ke da kyaututtuka da yawa da daidaito, yana mai da shi farkon wasan caca na zamani. Gwamnatin Venetian ta sami iko da caca ta FLT: 5 a cikin karni na 16, ta haifar da ɗayan farkon mallakin caca na jihar a tarihin Turai.

Loto a Ingila: Takardar Amincewa ta Sarauta

An kafa caca ta farko ta hukuma a Ingila a 1569 a ƙarƙashin Sarauniya Elizabeth I. Tallace-tallace sun bayyana shekaru biyu da suka gabata, suna ba da tikiti don shillings 10 kowaneadadi mai yawa a lokacin. An sanya kudaden shiga don "kayan aikin gyara wuraren shakatawa da ƙarfin Realme, "a zahiri don tallafawa gyaran tashar jiragen ruwa da tsaron jirgin ruwa. Wannan caca ta yi amfani da tsarin zanawa inda masu nasara suka sami kyaututtuka a cikin tsabar kuɗi ko farantin, kuma ya kafa misali ga caca na gwamnati a matsayin kayan aikin samun kuɗi na halal. Lotar Elizabethan wani babban aiki ne: ana sayar da tikiti a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma zanawa kanta wasan kwaikwayo ne na jama'a wanda ya jawo hankalin manyan taron.

A cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, caca ta Ingilishi ta bazu kuma ta zama tushen kuɗin jama'a. Sun tallafa wa Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya, gina gadar Westminster, da kuma kafa Laburaren Burtaniya. Loteria kuma ta tallafa wa kafa mulkin mallaka na Amurka, tare da Kamfanin Virginia ta amfani da caca don tallafawa mulkin Jamestown a cikin 1612.

Yin caca a ƙarni na 18: Ƙaruwa da Ra'ayi

Karni na 18 shine lokacin zinare ga caca, musamman a Burtaniya da yankunan Amurka. Loteria ta ba da kuɗi ga hanyoyi, makarantu, dakunan karatu, da majami'u a duk faɗin Tekun Atlantika. A bayyane yake, Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Jami'ar Princeton, da Jami'ar Columbia duk an sami kuɗi ta hanyar caca. Benjamin Franklin ya yi bikin caca don siyan bindigogi don kare Philadelphia a lokacin yakin Faransa da Indiya. Majalisa ta Continental ta ma yi ƙoƙarin yin caca don tallafawa yakin juyin juya halin Amurka, kodayake ba ta yi nasara sosai saboda ƙalubalen da ke tattare da kayan aiki da rashin amincewar jama'a da kuɗin ba.

Duk da haka fadada ya kawo matsaloli masu mahimmanci. Lotocin masu zaman kansu sun bazu, galibi tare da tallan da ke yaudarar da kuma yin rajistar rigakafi. A sakamakon haka, gwamnatoci da yawa sun fara tsara ko ƙulla caca. Faransa ta ɗauki mataki mai mahimmanci: bayan fashin da ya shafi caca ta Faransa, gwamnatin Sarki Louis XIV ta kafa Loterie Nationale a 1836 bayan gwaje-gwaje na baya a cikin 1700s. Wannan ɗayan farkon caca na zamani ne a duniya, tare da tsauraran kulawa da kuma wani ɓangare na kudaden shiga da aka sanya wa ayyukan jama'a da dalilai na sadaka.

Haihuwar Loto na Yau a Faransa da Ƙasa

A karni na 19, ƙasashen Turai da yawa sun gabatar da caca ta gwamnati wanda ke da gaskiya, ana tsara shi, kuma yana nufin kyaututtuka na zamantakewa. Misali, an kafa tsarin caca na Spain, wanda aka sani da Loteria Nacional a shekara ta 1763 a lokacin sarautar Sarki Charles III kuma ya zama sananne saboda zana Kirsimeti na shekara-shekara, wanda ya kasance ƙaunataccen al'ada har zuwa yau. Loto na Kirsimeti na Spain, ko El Gordo, shine mafi girman caca a duniya ta yawan kyautar kyautar, yana rarraba biliyoyin Yuro a kowace shekara. Waɗannan caca na zamani sun jaddada adalci da lissafin jama'a, suna bambanta su da na baya, sau da yawa lalata ayyukan masu zaman kansu. Sun kuma gabatar da sababbin abubuwa kamar tikiti masu lamba, injunan hukuma, da kuma cinikin jama'a da suka karfafa tsarin.

A Amurka, duk da haka, karni na 19 ya ga wata hanya daban. An yi amfani da caca na Amurka na farko don kayan aiki da ilimi, amma a tsakiyar shekarun 1800, ba'a da rikici da adawa ta addini sun haifar da raƙuman haramta. Hawan motsi na kamewa da Kristanci na bishara sun zana caca a matsayin rashin ɗabi'a, yayin da manyan lokuta na zamba suka lalata amincewar jama'a. A shekara ta 1900, sai dai wasu jihohi da suka ci gaba da iyakantaccen aiki, an haramta caca a duk faɗin Amurka. Wannan tsarin fadada da raguwa ya biyo baya zai sake maimaitawa a cikin karni na 20, kodayake tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki daban-daban.

Yin caca a ƙarni na 19 da na 20: Rashin Ƙarfafawa da Sake Tsira

Shekaru 19th ya kasance lokacin rashin daidaito ga caca a Amurka. Yayinda wasu jihohi suka rungumi su, alal misali Louisiana, ta gudanar da babbar caca wanda ke tallafawa asibitoci da ilimi. Yawancin jihohi sun haramta su saboda rashawa. Kamfanin Lottery na Louisiana, wanda aka kafa a 1868, ya zama sananne saboda cin hanci da rashawa, rikice-rikice, da cin hanci da rashawa. Masu gudanar da ayyukansa sun biya 'yan majalisa na jihar da jami'an tilasta bin doka don kula da ikon mallakar su, kuma daga baya an gano cewa injunan caca na kamfanin sun kasance masu rig. Wannan ba'a ba ya kai ga rufe caca a 1895 da kuma haifar da mummunan sakamako a duk faɗin ƙasar. A farkon karni na 20, duk jihohin Amurka sun haramta caca, kuma gwamnatin tarayya ta ƙarfafa wannan doka ta anti-lottery da ta sa ya zama doka ba tare da izinin jigilar tikiti na jihar ba.

Babban Rashin Ciki na shekarun 1930 ya juya wannan yanayin. Jihohi masu neman samun kudin shiga sun fara sake yin la'akari da irin caca a matsayin haraji na son rai wanda zai iya tallafawa shirye-shiryen taimako ba tare da ƙara haraji ba. New Hampshire ta ƙaddamar da irin caca ta farko ta zamani a shekara ta 1964, New York ta bi ta a shekara ta 1967. Waɗannan ba wasannin saurin kuɗi ne da muka sani a yau ba; sun kasance zane-zane masu aiki tare da kyaututtuka masu ƙarancin kuɗi da iyakantaccen talla. Amma sun wakilci canjin al'adu, suna sanya caca a matsayin tushen samun kuɗi na doka, da gwamnati ke sarrafawa maimakon lalata. Nasarar waɗannan farkon caca na jihar ta ƙarfafa wasu jihohi su bi, kuma a shekara ta 1980, jihohi 14 sun halatta su.

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A cikin shekarun 1970 an ga tashin hankali a cikin caca ta jihohi a duk faɗin Amurka A shekarar 1990, yawan jihohin da ke da caca ya karu zuwa 37, kuma ya kai jihohi 45 da District of Columbia a shekarar 2020. Babban abubuwan kirkire-kirkire sun haifar da shahararsu: gabatar da tikiti na karce-karce nan take a cikin shekarun 1970, wanda ya ba da gamsuwa kai tsaye da ƙananan kyaututtuka; ƙaddamar da wasannin jackpot na jihohi da yawa kamar Powerball a 1992 da Mega Millions a 1996, wanda ya haɗu da albarkatu a cikin jihohi don ƙirƙirar kyaututtuka masu yawa; da kuma karɓar tsarin zana kwamfuta wanda ya haɓaka inganci da rage zamba. Waɗannan wasannin sun ba da jackpots masu canza rayuwa, suna haɓaka halartar jama'a da kuma ɗaukar hoto. Tallace-tallacen caca na shekara-shekara a Amurka sun wuce dala biliyan 70 a shekarar 2020, mafi yawan siyar tikiti na caca a cikin ƙasa, tare da ƙarin mahalarta caca wasanni, caca, ko tseren doki.

A duniya, caca ta kuma fadada cikin sauri bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Kasashen Turai da yawa sun farfado ko sun kirkiro caca ta ƙasa don tallafawa shirye-shiryen jin kai, al'adu, da wasanni. Japan ta kafa caca ta Takarakuji a cikin 1945 don taimakawa sake gina kayayyakin more rayuwa bayan lalacewar yaƙin. Ostiraliya, Kanada, da ƙasashen Latin Amurka da yawa sun bi misalin, galibi suna ba da kudaden shiga don ilimi, kiwon lafiya, ko sabis na zamantakewa. A Burtaniya, sake gabatar da Lotar Kasa a 1994 ya zama sananne sosai, tare da sama da 70% na manya suna shiga a wani lokaci a cikin shekaru goma na farko. A yau, kasuwar caca ta duniya tana da darajar sama da dala biliyan 300, tare da caca ta jihar da ta ƙasa da ke aiki a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa da kuma yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa.

Lotto na Zamani: Tsarinsa, Dokarsa, da Kuma Tasirinsa

Lotteries na zamani suna zuwa a cikin siffofi da yawa: wasanni na zanawa na gargajiya kamar Lotto da Powerball, inda 'yan wasa ke zaɓar lambobi kuma ana zaɓar masu cin nasara a cikin zanawa ta bazuwar; tikiti na karce, wanda ke ba da kyaututtuka na gaggawa kuma yana ba da babban rabo daga kudaden shiga na caca; caca ta kan layi, wanda ke ba wa 'yan wasa damar siyan tikiti ta hanyar yanar gizo ko aikace-aikacen hannu; da wasannin cin nasara na gaggawa, waɗanda ke haɗuwa da abubuwan da ke cikin ramummuka da caca. Ana tsara su sosai don tabbatar da adalci, tare da zanawa da masu duba masu zaman kansu ko ta hanyar tsarin sarrafawa ta amfani da masu samar da lambobi na bazuwar da aka tabbatar. A Amurka, hukumar caca ta kowace jiha tana kula da ayyukan, kuma yawanci ana ba da kudaden shiga don ilimi, sabis, kayan aiki, ko shirye-shiryen caca na matsala. Misali, Lotar Georgia ta ba da gudummawar sama da dala biliyan 25 ga ilimin tsofaffin ɗalibai tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1993, malanta, da kuma inganta fasahar rigaka

Duk da shahararsu, caca tana fuskantar sukar da ke ci gaba. Masu adawa suna jayayya cewa haraji ne mai koma baya, wanda ke ɗaukar nauyin marasa galihu waɗanda ke kashe babban kashi na kuɗin shiga akan tikiti idan aka kwatanta da 'yan wasa masu arziki. Nazarin ya nuna koyaushe cewa' yan kasuwar caca sun fi yawa a cikin yankunan da ke da ƙananan kuɗi, kuma cewa manyan 'yan wasa galibi suna fitowa daga ɓangarorin da ba su da fa'ida. Nazarin 2020 na Cibiyar Howard don Jaridar Bincike ya gano cewa tallace-tallacen tikiti na caca sun fi girma a cikin talakawa da ƙarancin al'ummomin. Masu goyon bayan sun yi jayayya cewa caca ita ce hanyar biyan haraji ta son rai.

Ra'ayoyin Da Suka Dace da Al'adu

Tattaunawa game da dabi'un kirki game da caca tana da alaƙa da shan wahala da cin zarafi. Yayinda yawancin 'yan wasa ke shiga cikin alhakin, ƙananan kashi suna haɓaka matsalolin caca waɗanda zasu iya haifar da lalacewar kuɗi, rushewar iyali, da matsalolin lafiyar hankali. A cewar Majalisar Kasa kan Caca ta Matsala, kusan kashi 1% na manya na Amurka sun cika ƙa'idodin caca na rashin lafiya, kuma halartar caca babban mai ba da gudummawa ne. Masu gudanar da caca sun amsa ta hanyar tallafawa ayyukan caca masu alhakin, gami da shirye-shiryen keɓance kai, tsarin tabbatar da shekaru, da iyakancewar talla waɗanda ke hana yin wasa da yawa. Wasu hukumomi sun kuma sanya iyakance akan farashin tikiti ko zana yawan lokaci don rage haɗari, kuma da yawa suna buƙatar caca su haɗa da alamun gargaɗi da albarkatu don taimako.

Wani damuwa kuma shine tunanin arziki mai sauƙi, wanda zai iya ƙarfafa halayyar kuɗi mai haɗari da tsammanin rashin gaskiya. Tallace-tallacen caca galibi suna jaddada jackpots masu canza rayuwa da labarun masu nasara waɗanda suka doke ƙimar, kodayake yiwuwar ilimin lissafi na cin babbar caca tana da ƙarancin astronomicallyyawanci ɗaya a cikin miliyoyin ɗari. Misali, yiwuwar cin nasarar jackpot na Powerball kusan 1 a cikin miliyan 292, kuma yiwuwar cin nasarar Mega Miliyoyin ya fi ƙasa da 1 a cikin miliyan 302. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa irin wannan tallan yana yaudarar masu amfani da kuma yana cin zarafin ra'ayoyin fahimta kamar heuristic na wadatarwa da tunanin iko. A matsayin amsa, yawancin caca yanzu sun haɗa da "wasa da alhaki" kuma suna buƙatar bayyana ƙimar a cikin tallace-tallace, kodayake tasirin waɗannan matakan ya kasance mai jayayya.

Nan Gaba na Lotteries: Fasaha da Bayyanawa

Zamanin dijital yana sake tsara caca ta hanyoyi masu zurfi. Tallace-tallace na tikiti na kan layi, aikace-aikacen hannu, da fasahar toshe-toshe suna ba da tabbacin mafi girman sauƙi da gaskiya. Kasashe da yawa, gami da Burtaniya, Kanada, da wasu sassan Turai, sun riga sun ba da sayayya ta hanyar layi ta kan layi, kuma yanayin yana yaduwa zuwa Amurka yayin da jihohi suka halatta dandamali na iLottery. Lotocin da ke kan toshe-toshe suna nufin kawar da zamba ta hanyar buga sakamakon zanawa a kan litattafan ajiya, yana ba wa 'yan wasa tabbatar da sakamakon a ainihin lokacin. Misali, dandamali kamar Lottoland suna ba da caca ta kan layi ta kan layi, kodayake suna fuskantar matsalolin doka a wasu kasuwanni. A cikin 2022, Lotocin Illinois ya zama ɗayan farkon caca na Amurka don gwada fasahar toshe don inganci da biyan tikiti da bin diddigar kuɗi.

Ana kuma amfani da hankali na wucin gadi don inganta tsarin kyaututtuka, gano zamba, da keɓance tallan. Nazarin 'yan wasa yana taimaka wa masu gudanar da caca su tsara samfuran su zuwa yanayin ƙasa daban-daban da hango halin siye. Wasu caca suna gwaji tare da tsarin kyaututtuka masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke daidaitawa bisa ga siyar da tikiti, suna tabbatar da cewa jackpots suna haɓaka koyaushe kuma suna kula da sha'awar ɗan wasa. A halin yanzu, gaskiyar kama-da-wane da gaskiyar haɓaka na iya haifar da abubuwan da ke tattare da irin wannan irin caca wanda ke haɗuwa da abubuwa na zahiri da na dijital, kodayake waɗannan suna ci gaba da gwaji. A cikin 2023, National Lottery na Burtaniya ya ƙaddamar da wasan gaskiya na gaskiya wanda ya ba wa 'yan wasa damar "scratch" tikiti a cikin yanayin dijital.

Duk da haka, nan gaba kuma ya ƙunshi manyan ƙalubale. Barazanar tsaro ta yanar gizo, damuwa game da samun damar matasa ta kan layi, da haɗarin ƙaruwar matsalar caca a cikin tsarin dijital zai buƙaci ƙa'ida da tilasta aiwatarwa. Wasu hukumomi suna bincika caca "mai tasiri ga zamantakewar", inda mafi girman kashi na kudaden shiga ke zuwa kai tsaye ga ayyukan sadaka, don inganta fahimtar jama'a da rarrabe samfuran su daga caca mai tsabta. Misali, Lotar Lafiya ta Burtaniya tana ba da 20% na kudaden shiga ga ƙungiyoyin sadaka masu alaƙa da kiwon lafiya, kuma Lotar Lantarki ta Netherland ta Netherland ta ke ba da 50% na siyar da tikiti ga ƙungiyoyin sadaka. Waɗannan samfuran na iya zama na kowa yayin da masu tsarawa ke neman daidaita samar da kudaden shiga tare da alhakin zamantakewa.

Ƙarshen

Tarihin caca madubi ne ga al'ummomin mutane: sha'awarmu ta bege, buƙatarmu ta samun kuɗi na jama'a, da kuma gwagwarmayarmu na ci gaba da dabi'ar caca. Daga tsoffin keno slips a China zuwa jackpots na zamani na dijital, caca ta tabbatar da kasancewa mai tsayayya sosai, daidaitawa da canje-canje na al'adu da ci gaban fasaha a cikin shekaru dubu biyu. Sun ba da kuɗin Babban Ginin China, Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya, da makarantu marasa adadi, asibitoci, da ayyukan ƙasa. Duk da haka sun kuma haifar da rashawa, jaraba, da rashin daidaito na zamantakewa, suna tayar da tambayoyi da ba a warware ba. Yayin da muke duban gaba, masana'antar za ta ci gaba da haɓaka, daidaita bidi'a da alhakin zamantakewa. Ko kuna daidaita caca a matsayin abin sha'awa mara lahani ko kuma ra'ayi mai rikitarwa akan talakawa, kasancewarsu ta tsawon ƙarni ya nuna cewa za su ci gaba da kasancewa al'adun ɗan adam don zama al'adun mutane na shekaru dubu biyar.

Don ƙarin karatu: Bayanan tarihin caca na Britannica na tarihin caca na FLT: 1, FLT: 2, History.com akan asalin caca na FLT: 3, taƙaitaccen bayanin NCSL game da caca na jihar a Amurka.